Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has emerged as a major global health concern, with rapidly increasing prevalence driven by sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, obesity, and population aging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and management of diabetes mellitus, highlighting the heterogeneity of the disease and its associated complications. Current diagnostic approaches, such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), are evaluated for their effectiveness and limitations. The review further examines conventional treatment strategies alongside emerging approaches such as combination therapy and technological advancements in glucose monitoring. Emphasis is placed on the growing role of personalized medicine, which tailors treatment based on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors to improve glycemic control and patient outcomes.

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